Does 2017 support a master file list / catalog?

No, there ins't.  You should use comments on the backups to help identify variations.  I'm not aware of any "home' backup products that list all files backed up and/or the changes between backups either though and I have used several.  Most of these applications are basically looking at the bits (1's and 0's) on the drive and backing up any that have been changed.  It's faster and less resource intensive and probably why home backup products don't catalog these types of file changes.